Abstract

This article analyzes Medieval production ground structures at the Tashara 3 site located on the right bank of the Ob River (on the border of Tomsk and Novosibirsk Regions). These archaeological objects were excavated by E.M. Evteeva and V.A. Sumin in 1994 (270 sq. m). In terms of morphological, stratigraphic, and planigraphic features, the archaeological structures represent funnel-shape pits partly covered by redeposited soil. Calcined spots and remains of charred wooden structural elements were found in the upper part of pits’ filling. The main component of filling was ashy layer. The sizes of the structures were 3.14-3.4 x 2.94 x 1.1—1.8 m. Additional small pits remaining from a canopy-like structure were found near the larger pits. Finds in the pits are rare. However, pottery fragments have made it possible to attribute structures 1 and 2 to the Middle—Late Upper Ob culture (6th — 9th centuries AD). General description of dry wood pyrolysis and earliest methods of tar production in pits, which are known from historical and technological literature, as well as comparative archaeological evidence on structures 1 and 2 at the Tashara-3 site are provided. The hypothesis on the use of these structures as pits for producing tar of coniferous wood species is suggested. The resulting products could have been in demand among the local Medieval population of the Upper Ob culture for veterinary and medicinal purposes, exchange, and for ensuring land and river communications which, according to various sources, ran in the northern part of the Upper Ob River basin.

Keywords

ancient tar production, Tashara-3, Upper Ob culture, Middle Ages, north of the Upper Ob River Basin

Grishin A.E.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8367-2272

Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS

Sumin V.A.

Research and Production Center for Preservation of Historical and Cultural Heritage of Novosibirsk Region

Marchenko Zh.V.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4729-8575

Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS

References

Ari S., Kargioglu M., Temel M., Konuk M. Traditional Tar Production from the Anatolian Black Pine Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe var. pallasiana and its usages in Afyonkarahisar, Central Western Turkey. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 2014, Vol. 10, no. 29, doi:10.1007/s12520-013-0144-5

Artsikhovskii A.V. (ed.). Ocherki russkoi kul’tury XIII-XV vekov. Pt. 1. Material’naya kul’tura. Moscow: Moscow State Univ. Press., 1969, 480 p. (In Russ.).

Barsukov E.V. Ferry over the Ob River in the XVII century: Geographical, Historical and Cultural Aspects. Tomsk State University Journal of History. 2012. no. 3 (19). P. 148-155. (In Russ.).

Biermann F., Semjank S., Blum O. Ein slawischer Teerschwelplatz bei Dallgow im Havelland. In Der Wandel um 1000. Langenweissbach: Beier u. Beran, 2011. S. 111121. (In Germ.).

Evteeva E.M. Otchet o rabotakh na poselenii Tashara-3 v 1994 g. Novosibirsk, 1994, Arkhiv GAU NSO NPTs. d. 203. (In Russ.).

Fetisov A.A., Murasheva V.V. Smolokurennoe proizvodstvo v Gnezdove. In Starodavnii iskorosten’ i slov’yanski gradi (Zbirka naukovikh prats’). Korosten’, 2008. Vol. 2. V. 213-219.

Grishin A.E., Marchenko Z.V., Reinhold S. Smolokurennye kompleksy epokhi bronzy na pamyatnike Tartas-1 (lesostepnoe Ob’-Irtysh’e). In Arkheologiya Severnoi i Tsentral’noi Azii: novye otkrytiya i rezul ’taty mezhdistsiplinarnykh issledovanii. Barnaul: Altai State Univ. Press., 2021. P. 138-146. (In Russ.). doi:10.14258/978-5-7904-2526-4.2021.23

Groom P., Schenck T., Pedersen G.M. Experimental explorations into the aceramic dry distillation of Betula pubescens (downy birch) bark tar. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2013, no. 6. URL:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12520-021-01352-x. (Accessed: 28.08.2021).

Hennius A. Viking Age tar production and outland exploitation. Antiquity, 2018, iss. 365. Vol. 92. P. 1349-1361. URL:https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2018.22. (Accessed: 28.08.2021).

Koksharov S.F. Okhotnich’i yamy-lovushki na severo-zapade Sibiri. In Znaniya i navyki ural ’skogo naseleniya v drevnosti i srednevekov’e. Ekaterinburg: Nauka, 1993. P. 162-169. (In Russ.).

Kozowyk P.R.B., Soressi M., Pomstra D., Langejans G.H.J. Experimental methods for the Palaeolithic dry distillation of birch bark: implications for the origin and development of Neandertal adhesive technology. Scientific reports, 2017. Vol. 7, N 8033. URL:https://www.nature.com/ articles/s41598-017-08106-7. (Accessed: 28.08.2021).

Marchenko Z.V., Grishin A.E., Reinhold S., Piezonka H. Bronze Age tar production in the Baraba forest-steppe in South Western Siberia. New evidence from Tartas-1. Praehistorische Zeitschrift, 2022, iss. 10. Vol. 1. (In print).

Molodin V.I., Hansen S., Mylnikova L.N., Reinhold S., Durakov I.A., Kobeleva L.S., Nesterova M.S., Nenakhov D.A., Efremova N.S., Nenakhova Yu.N., Selin D.V., Demahina M.S. Main Results of the West-Siberian Team of Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS Field Research in Baraba Forest-Steppe in 2018. Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories. Novosibirsk: IAET SB RAS Publ., 2018. Vol. XXIV. P. 310-314. (In Russ.). doi:10.17746/2658-6193.2018.24.310-314

Nogin K.I. Smolokurenie i degtekurenie. Leningrad: Goskhimizdat LO, 1932. 214 p. (In Russ.).

Osipowicz G. A method of wood tar production, without the use of ceramics. Czasopismo: Reconstruction and Experiment in Archaeology EuroREA, 2005. Vol. 2. P. 11-17.

Roslyakov S.G., Goncharov A. Raskopki na gorodishche Tashara 4. In Arkheologicheskie issledovaniya v Sibiri. Barnaul: Altai State Univ. Press., 1989. P. 86-88. (In Russ.).

Talanin F.A. Proizvodstvo berezovogo degtya. Moscow: Lesnaya promyshlennost’, 1981, 71 p. (In Russ.).

Troitskaya T.N., Molodin V.I., Sobolev V.I. Arkheologicheskaya karta Novosibirskoi oblasti. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1980, 184 p. (In Russ).

Troitskaya T.N., Novikov A.V. Verkhneobskaya kul’tura v Novosibirskom Priob’e. Novosibirsk: IAET SB RAS Publ., 1998, 150 p. (In Russ.).

Zhilich S.V., Rudaya N.A., Krivonogov S.K. Klimatostratigrafiya pozdnego golotsena na yugo-vostoke Zapadnoi Sibiri po materialam mikropaleonotologicheskogo izucheniya ozernykh otlozhenii. In Problemy geologii i osvoeniya nedr, tom I, Tomsk: Tomsk Politech. Univ. Press., 2016. P. 70-72.

Список литературы

Барсуков Е.В. «Перевоз» через реку Обь XVII века: географический и историко-культурный аспекты // Вестник Томск. гос. ун-та. Серия: История. - 2012. - № 3 (19). - С. 148-155.

Гришин А.Е., Марченко Ж.В., Райнхольд С. Смолокуренные комплексы эпохи бронзы на памятнике Тар-тас-1 (лесостепное Обь-Иртышье) // Археология Северной и Центральной Азии: новые открытия и результаты междисциплинарных исследований. - Барнаул: Изд-во Алт. гос. ун-та, 2021. - С. 138-146.

Евтеева Е.М. Отчет о работах на поселении Таша-ра-3 в 1994 г - Новосибирск, 1994. / Архив ГАУ НСО НПЦ. Д. №203.

Жилич С.В., Рудая Н.А., Кривоногов С.К. Климатостратиграфия позднего голоцена на юго-востоке Западной Сибири по материалам микропалеонотологического изучения озерных отложений // Проблемы геологии и освоения недр. - Том I. - Томск: Изд-во Томск. политех. Ун -та, 2016. - С. 70-72.

Кокшаров С.Ф. Охотничьи ямы-ловушки на северо-западе Сибири // Знания и навыки уральского населения в древности и средневековье. - Екатеринбург: Наука, 1993. - С. 162-169.

Молодин В.И., Хансен С., Мыльникова Л.Н., Райнхольд С., Дураков И.А., Кобелева Л.С., Нестерова М.С., Ненахов Д.А., Ефремова Н.С., Ненахо-ва Ю.Н., Селин Д.В., Демахина М. С. Основные итоги полевых исследований Западносибирского отряда Института археологии и этнографии СО РАН в Барабинской лесостепи (полевой сезон 2018 г.) // Проблемы археологии, антропологии, этнографии Сибири и сопредельных территорий. - Новосибирск: Изд-во ИАЭТ СО РАН, 2018. - Т. XXIV. - С. 310-314.

Ногин К.И. Смолокурение и дегтекурение. - Л.: ЛО Изд-ва Госхимиздат, 1932. - 214 с.

Очерки русской культуры XIII-XV веков. Часть первая. Материальная культура. (под ред. А.В. Арциховско-го). Москва: Изд-во Моск. гос. ун-та, 1969. - 480 с.

Росляков С.Г., Гончаров А. Раскопки на городище Ташара 4 // Археологические исследования в Сибири. Барнаул: Изд-во Алт. гос. ун-та, 1989. - С. 86-88.

Таланин Ф.А. Производство березового дегтя. - М.: Изд-во Лесная промышленность, 1981. - 71 с.

Троицкая Т.Н., Молодин В.И., Соболев В.И. Археологическая карта Новосибирской области. - Новосибирск: Наука, 1980. - 184 с.

Троицкая Т.Н., Новиков А.В. Верхнеобская культура в Новосибирском Приобье. - Новосибирск: Изд-во ИАЭТ СО РАН, 1998. - 150 с.

Фетисов А.А., Мурашева В.В. Смолокуренное производство в Гнездове // Стародавнш юкоростень i слов’янсю гради (Збiрка наукових праць). - Коростень: [б. и.], 2008. - Т. 2. - С. 213-219.

Ari S., Kargioglu M., Temel M., Konuk M. Traditional Tar Production from the Anatolian Black Pine Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe var. pallasiana and its usages in Afyonkarahisar, Central Western Turkey // Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine. - 2014. - Vol. 10, N 29. - URL:https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articl es/10.1186/1746-4269-10-29. (дата обращения - 28.08.2021).

Biermann F., Semjank S., Blum O. Ein slawischer Teerschwelplatz bei Dallgow im Havelland // Der Wandel um 1000. - Langenweissbach: Beier u. Beran, 2011. - S. 111121. (на нем. яз.).

Groom P., Schenck T., Pedersen G.M. Experimental explorations into the aceramic dry distillation of Betula pubescens (downy birch) bark tar // Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. - 2013. - №6. - URL:https://link. springer. com/article/10.1007/s12520-021-01352-x. (дата обращения - 28.08.2021).

Hennius A. Viking Age tar production and outland exploitation // Antiquity. 2018. - Iss. 365. - Vol. 92. - P. 1349-1361. - URL:https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2018.22. (Accessed: 28.08.2021).

Kozowyk P.R.B., Soressi M., Pomstra D., Langejans G.H.J. Experimental methods for the Palaeolithic dry distillation of birch bark: implications for the origin and development of Neandertal adhesive technology // Scientific reports. - 2017. - Vol. 7, N 8033, URL:https://www.nature. com/articles/s41598-017-08106-7. (Accessed: 28.08.2021).

Marchenko Zh.V., Grishin A.E., Reinhold S., Piezonka H. Bronze Age tar production in the Baraba forest-steppe in South Western Siberia. New evidence from Tartas-1 // Praehistorische Zeitschrift, 2022. - Iss. 101. -Vol. 1. (In print).

Osipowicz G. A method of wood tar production, without the use of ceramics // Czasopismo: Reconstruction and Experiment in Archaeology EuroREA. - 2005. - Vol. 2. -P. 11-17.