Abstract
Palynological studies at archeological sites of the Tobolsk Irtysh region have become an active subject of research relatively recently. Paleobotanical samples from the Yarkovsky 1 and Vakhrushevo 1 settlements, studied in 2016, provided additional arguments in favor of the presence of arable farming practiced by the Medieval population. When the cultural layer in the city of Tobolsk was studied for establishing the conditions of urban environment, there was a need to use palynological data. The evidence of archaeological studies conducted in 2017 in the upper historical part of Tobolsk, became the basis for research aimed at clarifying the composition of plant communities which existed on the right bank rock terrace of the Tobolsk natural ground from 1587 until the first quarter of the 18th century. The article presents the results of palynological studies into the cultural layer of Tobolsk. In addition, the samples taken from the cultural layer were compared with samples from the sterile buried paleosol. The time when the paleosol started to be formed was the Atlantic period of the Holocene. In total, four samples were taken from soil horizons. The dynamics of the development of plant communities on Cape Troitsky revealed pine-birch forests with admixture of broad-leaved species starting from the seventh millennium BC. By the time when Tobolsk was founded (1587), the structure of plant communities had not fundamentally changed. By the first quarter of the 17th century, an increase in the share of pine and spruce can be observed, while the share of birch became significantly reduced. The pollen of the Cichorioideae reveals a notable anthropogenic component.
Keywords
Tobolsk, palynology, archaeology, cultural layer
References
Adamov A.A. Zemledelie v epohusrednevekov’ya u narodov Zapadnoi Sibiri (obzor istochnikov). Vestnik Tyumenskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, Gumanitarnye issledovanija. Humanitates, 2018, vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 152-173 (in Russ.).
Adamov A.A., Korona O.M., Ryabogina N.E. Paleo-etnobotanicheskie i arkheologicheskie dannye o pashennom zemledelii na pamyatnikakh XII-XIV vv. v Tobol’skom Priirtysh’e. Ekologiya drevnikh i traditsionnykh obshhestv. Materialy V Mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii, Tyumen, 2016, pp. 15-19 (in Russ.).
Danilov P.G. Voprosy topografii Tobol’skogo kremlya XVII veka po arkheologicheskim i istoricheskim materialam. Kul’tura russkikh v akrheologicheskikh issledovaniyah. Omsk: Nauka, 2017a, pp. 329-331 (in Russ.).
Danilov P.G. Topografiya istoricheskogo tsentra goroda Tobol’ska v kontse XVI - pervoy polovine XVII v. V (XXI) Vserossiysky arkheologichesky s ’ezd [Elektronic edition]. Barnaul, 2017b. URL: http://elibrary.asu.ru/handle/asu/3896 (Accessed: 21.10.2019) (in Russ.).
Faegri K., Iversen J. Textbook of Pollen Analysis. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1989, 328 p.
Gavrilov D.A. Genezis vtorogo gumusovogo gorizonta pochv Vasyuganskoy naklonnoy ravniny. Byulleten’ Pochvennogo instituta im. V. V. Dokuchaeva, Moscow, 2016, iss. 85, pp. 3-19 (in Russ.).
Gavrilov D.A., Loyko S.V., Lada N.Yu., Klimova N.V. Radiouglerodny vozrast gumusovo-elyuvial’noy chasti poligenetichnykh pochv yuzhnoy taygi Zapadnoy Sibiri. Pochvennye resursy Sibiri: vyzovy XXI veka. Novosibirsk, 2017, pt. 1, pp. 38-41 (in Russ.).
Gol’eva A.A. Etapy stanovleniya Yeniseyska po dannym pochvennykh issledovaniy: pervye rezul’taty. Kul’tura russkikh v arkheologicheskih issledovaniyakh. Omsk: Nauka, 2017, pp. 37-44 (in Russ.).
Grimm Е.С. Tilia Graph v.2.0.2, Software / Illinois State Museum, Research and Collection Center. Springfield, 2004.
Kupriyanova L.A., Alyoshina L.A. Pollen and Spores of Plants from the Flora of European Part of USSR. Leningrad: Nauka, 1978, 166 p.
Moore P.D., Webb J.A., Collison M.E. Pollen analysis. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 2nd Edition. Blackwell, Oxford, 1991, 216 p.
Список литературы
Адамов А.А. Земледелие в эпоху средневековья у народов Западной Сибири (обзор источников) // Вестн. Тюм. гос. ун-та. Гуманитарные исследования. Humanitates. - 2018. - Т. 4, № 2. - С. 152-173.
Адамов А.А., Корона О.М., Рябогина Н.Е. Палео-этноботанические и археологические данные о пашенном земледелии на памятниках XII-XIV вв. в Тобольском Прииртышье // Экология древних и традиционных обществ: мат-лы V Междунар. науч. конф. - Тюмень, 2016. - С. 15-19.
Гаврилов Д.А. Генезис второго гумусового горизонта почв Васюганской наклонной равнины // Бюл. Почвенного ин-та им. В.В. Докучаева. - М., 2016. -Вып. 85. - С. 3-19.
Гаврилов Д.А., Лойко С.В., Лада Н.Ю., Климова Н.В. Радиоуглеродный возраст гумусово-элювиальной части полигенетитичных почв южной тайги Западной Сибири // Почвенные ресурсы Сибири: вызовы XXI века. - Новосибирск, 2017. - Ч. 1. - С. 38-41.
Гольева А.А. Этапы становления Енисейска по данным почвенных исследований: первые результаты // Культура русских в археологических исследованиях. -Омск: Наука, 2017. - С. 37-44.
Данилов П.Г. Вопросы топографии Тобольского кремля XVII века по археологическим и историческим материалам // Культура русских в археологических исследованиях. - Омск: Наука, 2017а. - С. 329-331.
Данилов П.Г. Топография исторического центра города Тобольска в конце XVI - первой половине XVII в. // V (XXI) Всерос. археол. съезд [Электронный ресурс]. - Барнаул, 2017б. - URL: http://elibrary.asu.ru/ handle/asu/3896 (дата обращения: 21.10.2019).
Куприянова Л.А., Алешина Л.А. Пыльца двудольных растений флоры европейской части СССР. Lamiaceae - Zygophyllaceae. - Л.: Наука, 1978. - 183 с.
Faegri K., Iversen J. Textbook of Pollen Analysis. -Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1989. - 328 p.
Grimm E.C. Tilia Graph v.2.0.2, Software / Illinois State Museum, Research and Collection Center. - Springfield, 2004.
Moore P.D., Webb J.A., Collison M.E. Pollen analysis. Blackwell Scientific Publications. - 2nd Edition. - Blackwell, Oxford, 1991. - 216 p.